12 December 2011

Mary, Juan Diego, and You (now with audio!)

Our Lady of Guadalupe
Fr. Philip Neri Powell, OP
St Dominic Church, New Orleans

Audio

Just last week the Holy Father's household preacher, Fr. Raniero Cantalamessa named the Blessed Mother the model of the Church's new evangelization. This is completely unsurprising given that we have considered her the model of the Church almost from Day One. That she should also be imitated as the principle example of how Catholics are to reclaim western culture for the Lord is, well, the most natural thing imaginable. Mary's submission to a lifelong vocation of humble service as the mother of the Christ—“Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord”—shows us the way to be our perfection in her son. Her fiat—“May it be done to me according to your word”—shows us the way to receiving the Father's Word through the Holy Spirit. If we could achieve even for a moment the clarity and determination this young woman showed when confronted by Gabriel, we could bring this world to its knees before God. And more importantly, we ourselves would be brought to our knees in repentance and radical conversion. During her life on earth, our Blessed Mother had one substantial advantage working in her favor: her immaculate conception. We do not enjoy this singular, unrepeatable privilege; however, we can and do enjoy the immeasurable benefits of her intercessions for us before the throne of God. With her help, following her example becomes more than just a possibility.

We could ask whether or not Juan Diego had an idea that his encounter with the Blessed Mother would transform a culture. Did he suspect that her appearance and his report of her appearance would spark an international devotion and set the Church on a path toward evangelizing Central and South America? As a poor Aztec farmer only recently converted to the faith, we can guess that none of what followed from his meeting with the BVM ever crossed his mind. In fact, his story sounds quite a bit like the one we heard this evening. A perfectly ordinary soul is made extraordinary by an encounter with what appears to be a divine being. Mary meets Gabriel and receives the seed of God's Word in her womb. Juan Diego meets Mary and receives an icon that revolutionized a culture. Both Mary and Juan listened to the voice of God's Spirit and acted according to their respective gifts; each took away from their encounters all that they could carry, all that they could possibly share. And no matter how many of their abundant gifts they surrendered to the work of the Gospel, they remained full of grace. Mary and Juan both lived and died as witnesses to the freely given and boundless abundance of the Father's love for His people. 

If you and I will reclaim creation for the work of God, we too must live and die as witnesses of a mercy so deep, a love so wide that not even the most vicious enemy of God can withstand the onslaught of His call to repentance. This means—at the very least—that we live each day in the eager anticipation of being called upon to receive God's Word and act accordingly; to be visited by divine grace and share that grace without meagerness or reluctance. To become ourselves angels, messengers sent to announce the goodness and beauty of the Lord. And to invite, to provoke, to tempt everyone we meet with the open-handed offer that Christ's sacrifice on the cross made real: to live and die as a well-loved child of the living God. 

Let's ask ourselves an advent question: is the life I am living right now look and feel like the sort of life that draws others to Christ? If not, it is never too late to say, “May it be done to me according to your word”

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Grazie

My thanks to Robin O. for the Kindle Book!  

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I need prayer. . .please.

Yesterday at both Masses I celebrated I asked the people present to pray for me as I begin the LONG SLOW process of losing weight.

When I was a college freshman in 1982, I weighed 200lbs and wore 36in pair of jeans.  Now, at 47, I weigh 336lbs. and wear a 52in.

That's not only extremely embarrassing but incredibly life-threatening.

There will be no diets, no pills, no gimmicks, no nothing that has failed miserably in the past.  

My plan:  portion control and no fast food.  

I will weigh myself every Monday and report the results in the right side bar.  

Invoke angels, saints, the Blessed Mother, and the Holy Trinity to keep the Devil's wiles away from me, please!  Add me to your fav nuns' prayer list--their effectiveness is truly scary.  Throw up an occasional rosary or novena.  Whatever you can do will be rewarded. 

God bless, Fr. Philip Neri, OP

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11 December 2011

Podcasting is back

F.Y.I. . .

Today's homily--"The Spirit of the Lord God is upon US"--is now available as an audio file!

Click here to download it.

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The spirit of the Lord God is upon US. . .

3rd Sunday of Advent
Fr. Philip Neri Powell, OP
St. Dominic Church, New Orleans

Audio

On a Delta flight from Rome to Atlanta a few days ago, I overheard one of the flight attendants talking to a woman waiting to use the restroom. I couldn't make out what she was saying exactly, but there was no mistaking her accent, Deep Southern. When she came back up the aisle I asked where she was from. She smiled and said, “Memphis!” I told her my family lives right outside Memphis in north MS. Her smile got a lot bigger. Being good southerners, we immediately launched into the southerner's favorite game of “Who's your family?” Who's your mama's people? Who'd she marry? Are we cousins? Turns out that we aren't related but that hardly matters. We know where we're from and b/c we know where we're from, we know who we are and what we are about. Catholics play a similar game: what's your parish? Who's your pastor? Where did you go to school? All good questions. But do the answers to these questions tell us what it is to be Catholic? What it means to be a follower of Christ, to be a child of God? When you come to face the Lord at last, he will ask, “Who are you?” How will you answer? 

The Jews in Jerusalem have their version of our Southern and Catholic games. They send priests to question John the Baptist. They ask him, “Who are you?” He answers, "I am not the Christ." A bit baffled, they continue, “What are you then? Are you Elijah?” No. “Are you the Prophet?” No. “Who are you? What do you have to say for yourself?” You can hear the frustration in their voices; you can hear their confusion and fear. They need to know who this desert freak is before they can decide whether or not to take him seriously; before they can decide what—if anything—to do with him! Is he dangerous? Crazy? Possessed? Who is this guy and what is he up to? So, what does John the Baptist have to say for himself? He says this: "I am the voice of one crying out in the desert, 'make straight the way of the Lord. . .'" Well, that's certainly. . .um, helpful. You're a voice. . .a voice crying out in the desert. . .and you are crying out. . .“make straight the way of the Lord”? OK. Can you tell us what that means exactly? What does it mean to be “a voice in the desert crying out 'make straight the way of the Lord'”? John answers, “. . .there is one among you whom you do not recognize, the one who is coming after me, whose sandal strap I am not worthy to untie." Who is John the Baptist? He is the one who comes before the Christ to announce to God's people the advent of the Lord.

Now, who are you? You, all of you. Sitting here in St Dominic's Church, New Orleans. Who are you? We know that John is the herald of the Lord. He's not the Christ. He's not a prophet. He's a forerunner, a harbinger. Christ has yet to be born, and John is his living, breathing birth announcement. So, who are we? We can't be heralds or harbingers of Christ's advent in 2011. Christ has come; he's arrived; he is here! We can be forerunners of his coming again, his second coming. We can be the announcers of his return to us. Even better: we can be the Christs and the prophets that John could not be. Christ's own baptist, his death, and resurrection have made it possible for us—each of us—to be not only priests, prophets, and kings but Christs as well. Not simply followers of Christ, not merely members of the Church, not just pew warmers on a chilly Sunday morning/evening. We can and are made and remade to be Christs. Christs for one another. Christs for the poor, the sick, the hungry, the oppressed. Christs for those who do not know God's mercy. Christs for those who persecute us. Christs for anyone and everyone who feels the nearly irresistible tug of the Father's love. That's who are we and that's what we do.

Listen to this slightly edited version of Isiah's proclamation: “The spirit of the Lord God is upon US, because the Lord has anointed US; he has sent US to bring glad tidings to the poor, to heal the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives. . .to announce a year of favor from the Lord and a day of vindication by our God.” We are the temples of the Lord's spirit. We are the anointed of God. We are the heralds of abundance, comfort, freedom. And we are the clarion voices of His favor and the prophets of His forgiveness. How is this possible? It was made possible by life, death, and resurrection of the Christ. When we were baptized, who we were died, the life we lived before vanished, and we were reborn in the image of the one who lived and died for us. That makes us Christs. . .as yet imperfect. . .but men and women nonetheless gifted with all we need to be made perfect. Our task now is to receive what God has given us and use these gifts to love the unlovable; to forgive the unforgivable; to suffer the insufferable; to pray in thanksgiving, to pray in gladness and joy, to pray always and most especially for those we most despise. Christ died once for all; as Christs we can work for nothing less.

How do we grow in this necessary holiness? How do we use God's gifts to come to Christ's perfection? Our brother, Paul, writes to the Church in Thessalonica, “Rejoice always. Pray without ceasing. In all circumstances give thanks, for this is the will of God for you in Christ Jesus. Do not quench the Spirit. . .” Do not quench the Spirit. . .of gratitude, of rejoicing; the Spirit of Truth and Goodness and Beauty that created from nothing all that there is; do not quench the Holy Spirit who gave Mary a son; who graced Christ's baptism and named him Son of God; who set upon the dejected apostles and set them on fire for preaching the Good News; the one who possesses us even now, shaking us out of our dull complacency and demanding of us that we get on with the work of living day-to-day as the well-loved children of a ever-loving Father. Do you carry God's Word like a child in the womb? Do you call yourself a son or a daughter of the Most High? Do you burn with the Spirit's fire to proclaim the Good News? Do you reject this world's narcotic lure and keep your heart and mind pure in the faith? When you fail—and we all fail—do you seek God's forgiveness and receive His mercy? If you answer No to any of these questions, let me ask you another: who are you then? Who are you pretending to be? 

John the Baptist called his people to attention and baptized them in repentance. While they waited on the advent of the Lord, they turned themselves around to face his coming. They turned from disobedience toward obedience; from sin toward holiness. As we wait on the advent of the Lord, his coming again, we too hear John's call to attention, his message of repentance: turn from sin and receive our Father's love. The Lord comes. The day of our rebirth is close to hand!

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10 December 2011

Coffee Cup Browsing (Late Edition)

Exactly how long (grammatically speaking) can something "teeter on the brink," "verge on collapse," or "balance on the threshold of disaster"?  I'm gonna bet this month's stipend that the Language of Crisis is on the cusp of exhaustion.

I spend WAY too much time on the computer. . .however, my life wouldn't grind to a halt if the power went out; in fact, I'd probably get more done.

On the question of clerical facial hair. . .needless to say, I'm for it!

Coptic Christians describe to Congress their persecution in Egypt.

Some background on our Coptic brothers and sisters suffering at the hands of the Religion of Peace.

Excellent reflection on justice and the Catechism.



A bad metaphor.

Weird hats. . .there are two of these that I'd wear.  Guess which two.

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09 December 2011

The First Nawlins' Coffee Cup Browsing (with chicory!)

Methinks that the nation's Attorney General was educated at a "univeristy in the Catholic tradition."  The problem here is that once you've lied to us, you then ask us to believe that it was never your intent to lie in the first place. . .ad. nau.

The Zombies are coming!  And they're from Mars!!

And they say that the Catholic Church is sex-obsessed. . .geez.

Occupy Whiners taunt police. . .police remain professional despite it all.  Language warning.


Exactly:  Catholics should fear the sins of her members more than persecution from her enemies. 

Colorful lizard disapproves. . .strongly.

What your toilet paper says about you.

Ever have one of those days?

The Kindle Wish List has been updated. . .

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08 December 2011

A foray, nine books, & a long nap. . .

Made my first foray out into New Orleans this morning.

Where did I go?  The Cafe du Monde?  French Quarter?  St Louis Cathedral?  Nope. . .

I made a true Redneck Pilgrimage:  WalMart.  In fact, I went to two WalMarts b/c the first one was mostly a grocery store!  

Hey, Delta lost my luggage and I needed some. . .things.  'Nuff said.  Oh, the Wandering Bag arrived safe and sound about an hour ago.

There were several packages waiting for me when I got here last night.  Four books from my friend, Philip in Memphis.  Many thanks to you for your kindness!  Another book from Kathleen S. . .a book of poems I've been wanting for some time.  Thank you kindly.  And a big box of four books from St. Pius X Press!  I will be reviewing those books soon. 

Now, it's time to "catch up" on some sleep with a very Roman riposo.  I was wide awake at 3am this morning.  Ugh.  Not good.

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"First Mass" at St Dominic's New Orleans




My "first Mass" now that I am back in the U.S. will be the 10.30am Mass on Dec. 11th at St Dominic's, New Orleans.  

I will also celebrate the 5.30pm Mass at St Dominic's on the 11th.

Y'all come!

07 December 2011

Made it.

I'm here. . .more or less.

Here in New Orleans.  My luggage, however, is in San Antonio, TX.

Why, you ask?  Because the worker in Atlanta who rechecked my bag was too busy gossiping with her co-worker to notice where she was sending my stuff! 

Anyway, it will be delivered tomorrow by noon. 

Had a good flight. . .long though--11hrs. 


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06 December 2011

Kindle Fire for Christmas???

Talked to Scuba Becky (i.e., my mother) this afternoon, and she asked what I wanted for Christmas.

Having just spent five days giving away Stuff before the move back to the U.S., I said something like, "I have no idea."

Then I remembered that S.B's co-worker, Bubba Sue, suggested that I ask for a Kindle FIRE

Thoughts?  Reactions?  Do I want one of these?  Need one of these?

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Departure Deadline Update

Just got the Goldie Locks buzzed off by Fr. Rick J.  I feel 15 lbs lighter and a whole lot cooler!

The initial sweep of the room captured about three cubic meters of Dust Bunnies and related detritus.  A secondary and final sweep will turn up even more pieces of random paper, Stray Pennies, pencil parts, bits of tape, and the occasional busted rubber band.  

Still have to figure out how to sort four 33 gallon bags of garbage.  The E.U. Nannies insist we recycle. . .but their recycling categories do not include slots for Broke Down-Fruit of the Looms; pieces of Styrofoam from a clock radio that never worked right; three large plastic vacuumed sealed bags for storing clothes; a bald toilet brush; and three and a half tablespoons of an Italian laundry detergent that I never used.  Oh, and what about the 11 used tubes of toothpaste I've been stashing in a drawer b/c I couldn't figure out if they go in Plastic or Metal?

Heading out at 5.30am tomorrow morning. . .please, pray for me!

P.S.  Yes, I've put a men's cologne on my Wish List.  Before I became a Dominican, I spent WAY too much money on that sort of thing.   Now, I rarely buy cologne/aftershave.  But a faithful H.A. reader asked me what I wanted for Christmas.  Rumor has it that the Guerlain Vetiver is a classic men's cologne. 

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05 December 2011

Packing, cleaning, etc. . .

Progress being made. . .

Shipped nine boxes of books, etc. to Nawlins' yesterday.

Today, I am packing up everything that's going in my luggage.

Also, Big Time Cleaning, i.e. fighting with the Dust Bunnies.

Two things about Rome I will NOT miss:  1) the bugs and 2) the dust.  

Bugs.  I've spent many nights here trying to stay away from gnats, mosquitoes, no-see-ums, and spiders.  There's nothing quite like being awakened at 3am by the hungry buzzing of a Tiger Mosquito in your ear! 

Dust.  Since the priory doesn't have A/C, the windows have to stay open.  This means metric tons of dust flowing through the building and settling on my stuff.  I've learned to cover vulnerable electronics, but the CPAP machine I use can't be covered. . .which means I probably have the dust-weight equivalent of a small pagan temple resting in my lungs.  

Ah well. . .siamo in Italia!

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03 December 2011

A Roman Rambling. . .

Just three more days in Rome. . .

There may be a sentimental bone somewhere in my body. . .maybe. . .however, moving from one place to another rarely sets it to aching.  In the last year, I've lived in two U.S. states and three countries, traveling approx. 30, 000 miles in the process.  It's hard to get weepy over another trip.

Though I usually despise packing/unpacking, this time around the process has been something of a minor joy.  Why?  Since I'm actually moving out of Rome rather than just traveling home for a visit, I'm being merciless in cleaning out my stores of Stuff.  Getting rid of Stuff is always en-lightening for me (sorry).  And this time is no exception.  There is one difference, however:  more than any previous move (the last one being in 2008), I'm determined not to accumulate excessive amounts of Stuff again.  We'll see how that goes when the next order to move comes.

One of the brothers remarked that packing for me must be easy since I don't have "knick-knacks."  He's right; I don't.  I have books instead.  But a Dominican w/o his books is like a Franciscan w/o his sandals and a Jesuit w/o his Scotch.  It's unnatural.  Most of my literature and theology books are in storage in Texas, so there will another culling sometime soon.   Right now, I'm giving books to friars here in Rome and to the university's library.  There's still plenty to pack.

Someone asked me recently what I will miss about Rome.  This was my honest answer:  the peace and quiet.  I know, I know. . .peace and quiet can be had anywhere but here I've been able to spend inordinate amounts of time in solitude, a rare thing for pastors and parochial vicars.  Busyness makes me crazy.  Deadlines, schedules, to-do lists, meetings, etc. give the impression of accomplishment and productivity but rarely is anything of real importance achieved.  The same is true for small group politics--something I am really not very good at!  I'm a gregarious introvert.  I can turn on the extrovert qualities when necessary, but then I need a day or two of introversion to recover.  Truly, I envy people who thrive on group interaction--parties, meetings, etc.--people who are energized and renewed while working and playing well with others.  Give me the one-on-one of spiritual direction, the confessional, the marriage prep, the tutorial, the seminar. . .

Anyway, I will miss Rome.  Her narrow, cobblestone streets upon which I invariably manage to twist an ankle.  Her indomitable gypsies and their ingenuous tactics for earning a euro.  Her very southern pace of daily life--what's the rush?  Her sensible yet inefficient attitude toward rules, schedules, and what we Americans think of as "common sense."  Her love of bella figura and her rejection of utilitarianism.  The heavy sense that history waits around every corner.  

Of course, I'm moving to New Orleans. . .not exactly the epicenter of American efficiency and the bourgeois work ethic.  Deo gratis!

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02 December 2011

On the magisterial authority of Vatican Two

From L'Osservatore Romano (Dec. 2, 2011)


The forthcoming 50th anniversary of the convocation of the Second Vatican Council (25 December 1961) is a cause for celebration, but also for renewed reflection on the reception and application of the Conciliar Documents. Over and above the more directly practical aspects of this reception and application, both positive and negative, it seems appropriate also to recall the nature of the intellectual assent that is owed to the teachings of the Council. Although we are dealing here with a well-known doctrine, about which there is an extensive bibliography, it is nevertheless useful to review it in its essential points, given the persistence - also in public opinion - of misunderstandings regarding the continuity of some Conciliar teachings with previous teachings of the Church's Magisterium.

First of all, it is not pointless to recall that the pastoral motivation of the Council does not mean that it was not doctrinal – since all pastoral activity is necessarily based on doctrine. But, above all, it is important to emphasise that precisely because doctrine is aimed at salvation, the teaching of doctrine is an integral part of all pastoral work. Furthermore, within the Documents of the Council it is obvious that there are many strictly doctrinal teachings: on Divine Revelation, on the Church, etc. As Blessed John Paul II wrote: “With the help of God, the Council Fathers in four years of work were able to produce a considerable collection of doctrinal statements and pastoral norms which were presented to the whole Church” (Apostolic Constitution Fidei Depositum, 11 October 1992, Introduction).

Assent Owed to the Magisterium 

The Second Vatican Council did not define any dogma, in the sense that it proposed no doctrine with a definitive act. However, even if the Magisterium proposes a teaching without directly invoking the charism of infallibility, it does not follow that such a teaching is therefore to be considered "fallible" - in the sense that what is proposed is somehow a “provisional doctrine” or just an “authoritative opinion”. Every authentic expression of the Magisterium must be received for what it truly is: a teaching given by Pastors who, in the apostolic succession, speak with the “charism of truth” (Dei Verbum, n. 8), “endowed with the authority of Christ” (Lumen Gentium, n. 25), “and by the light of the Holy Spirit” (ibid.).

This charism, this authority and this light were certainly present at the Second Vatican Council; to deny this to the entire episcopate gathered to teach the universal Church cum Petro and sub Petro, would be to deny something of the very essence of the Church (cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Mysterium Ecclesiae, 24 June 1973, nn. 2-5). 

Naturally not all the affirmations contained in the Conciliar documents have the same doctrinal value and therefore not all require the same degree of assent. The various levels of assent owed to doctrines proposed by the Magisterium were outlined in Vatican II’s Constitution Lumen Gentium (n. 25), and subsequently synthesised in the three clauses added to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed in the formula of the Professio fidei published in 1989 by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and approved by Blessed John Paul II.

Those affirmations of the Second Vatican Council that recall truths of the faith naturally require the assent of theological faith, not because they were taught by this Council but because they have already been taught infallibly as such by the Church, either by a solemn judgement or by the ordinary and universal Magisterium. So also a full and definitive assent is required for the other doctrines set forth by the Second Vatican Council which have already been proposed by a previous definitive act of the Magisterium.

The Council’s other doctrinal teachings require of the faithful a degree of assent called “religious submission of will and intellect”. Precisely because it is “religious” assent, such assent is not based purely on rational motives. This kind of adherence does not take the form of an act of faith. Rather, it is an act of obedience that is not merely disciplinary, but is well-rooted in our confidence in the divine assistance given to the Magisterium, and therefore “within the logic of faith and under the impulse of obedience to the faith” (Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Donum Veritatis, 24 May 1990, n. 23). This obedience to the Magisterium of the Church does not limit freedom but, on the contrary, is the source of freedom. Christ’s words: “he who hears you hears me” (Lk 10:16) are addressed also to the successors of the Apostles; and to listen to Christ means to receive in itself the truth which will make you free (cf. Jn 8:32).  

Documents of the Magisterium may contain elements that are not exactly doctrinal — as is the case in the documents of the Second Vatican Council — elements whose nature is more or less circumstantial (descriptions of the state of a society, suggestions, exhortations, etc.). Such matters are received with respect and gratitude, but do not require an intellectual assent in the strictest sense (cf. Instruction Donum Veritatis, nn. 24-31).

The Interpretation of Teachings

The unity of the Church and unity in the faith are inseparable, and this also involves the unity of the Magisterium of the Church in every age, since the Magisterium is the authentic interpreter of Divine Revelation transmitted by Sacred Scripture and by Tradition. This means, among other things, that an essential characteristic of the Magisterium is its continuity and consistency through history. Continuity does not mean an absence of development; down the centuries the Church deepens in her knowledge, in her understanding and, consequently, also in her magisterial teaching of Catholic faith and morals.

A number of innovations of a doctrinal nature are to be found in the documents of the Second Vatican Council: on the sacramental nature of the episcopate, on episcopal collegiality, on religious freedom, etc. These innovations in matters concerning faith or morals, not proposed with a definitive act, still require religious submission of intellect and will, even though some of them were and still are the object of controversy with regard to their continuity with earlier magisterial teaching, or their compatibility with the tradition. In the face of such difficulties in understanding the continuity of certain Conciliar Teachings with the tradition, the Catholic attitude, having taken into account the unity of the Magisterium, is to seek a unitive interpretation in which the texts of the Second Vatican Council and the preceding Magisterial documents illuminate each other. Not only should the Second Vatican Council be interpreted in the light of previous Magisterial documents, but also some of these earlier magisterial documents can be understood better in the light of the Second Vatican Council. This is nothing new in the history of the Church. It should be remembered, for example, that the meaning of important concepts adopted in the First Council of Nicaea in the formulation of the Trinitarian and Christological faith (hypóstasis, ousía), were greatly clarified by later Councils.

The interpretation of the innovations taught by the Second Vatican Council must therefore reject, as Benedict XVI put it, “a hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture,” while it must affirm the “hermeneutic of reform, of renewal within continuity” (Discourse, 22 December 2005). These are innovations in the sense that they explain new aspects which have not previously been formulated by the Magisterium, but which do not doctrinally contradict previous Magisterial documents. This is so even though, in certain cases — for example, concerning religious freedom — these innovations imply very different consequences at the level of historical decisions concerning juridical and political applications of the teaching, especially given the changes in historical and social conditions. An authentic interpretation of Conciliar texts can only be made by the Magisterium of the Church herself. Therefore, in the theological work of the interpretation of passages in the Conciliar texts which arouse queries or seem to present difficulties, it is above all necessary to take into account the sense in which they have been interpreted in subsequent Magisterial interventions. Nevertheless, there remains space for legitimate theological freedom to explain in one way or in another how certain formulations present in the Conciliar texts do not contradict the Tradition and, therefore, to explain the correct meaning of some expressions contained in those passages.

Lastly, in this regard, it does not seem superfluous to call to mind that almost half a century has passed since the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council and that in these decades four Roman Pontiffs have succeeded one another on the Chair of Peter. An assessment of the teaching of these Popes and the corresponding assent of the Episcopate to that teaching should transform a possible situation of difficulty into a serene and joyful acceptance of the Magisterium, the authentic interpreter of the doctrine of the faith. This must be possible and is to be hoped for, even if aspects that are not entirely understood remain. In any case, there remains legitimate room for theological freedom and for further opportune in-depth study. As Benedict XVI wrote recently: “the essential content that for centuries has formed the heritage of all believers needs to be confirmed, understood and explored ever anew, so as to bear consistent witness in historical circumstances very different from those of the past” (Benedict XVI, Motu Proprio Porta Fidei, 11 October 2011, n. 4).

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